Dullness & Roughness -

Understanding Hyperpigmentation

Hyperpigmentation occurs when excess melanin accumulates in the skin, causing dark patches or spots. The enzyme tyrosinase regulates melanin production, which can be overstimulated by factors like UV exposure, acne, hormonal changes, or skin injuries, leading to uneven pigmentation.

⬑ Freckles & Brown Spots

⬑ Melasma

Common Types of Hyperpigmentation

Freckles (Ephelides)

Small, flat, and darkened spots are primarily caused by genetics and tend to darken with sun exposure, especially in individuals with fair skin. They become more prominent during sun exposure due to increased melanin production.

⬑ Freckles from day-to-day UV exposure

⬑ Development of genetic freckles after UV exposure

Brown Spots

Brown spots, or liver spots, are darker patches that develop over time, primarily from cumulative sun exposure and the natural aging process. These spots result from increased melanin production due to UV damage.

⬑ Brown spots from UV exposure

⬑ Age-related brown spots from untreated UV exposure

Melasma

Melasma appears as larger, diffused patches, often associated with hormonal changes, particularly in women. It can be triggered by factors such as pregnancy, hormonal therapies, or sun exposure, with certain hormonal shifts causing increased melanin production in the skin.

⬑ Melasma patches commonly linked to hormonal changes

⬑ Melasma patches triggered by neglect, UV exposure, and hormonal fluctuations

Age Spots (Solar Lentigines)

Age spots are dark patches caused by excess melanin production from UV exposure, aging, and oxidative stress. While generally harmless, they can affect skin tone and may be treated for a more even complexion.

⬑ Age spots common on the face and hands

⬑ Darkened age spots from UV exposure, and genetic factors

Post-Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation (PIH)

PIH refers to dark spots that appear after skin inflammation caused by conditions like acne, eczema, or physical trauma. It occurs when melanin is overproduced in response to injury or irritation, leading to pigmentation.

⬑ Dark spots from skin inflammation caused by acne or trauma

⬑ PIH marks developing after inflammation from acne or eczema

We'd love to help you manage your skin concerns.

At Folke®, we address skin concerns at the root for lasting results. Our painless, non-invasive, customised plant-tech approach protects your skin and health, delivering visible, personalised improvements backed by over 20 years of expertise.

Disclaimer

At Folke®, we offer treatments and skincare products designed to support skin health, with results varying based on factors like skin type, conditions, lifestyle, and treatment adherence. Our information is based on in-clinic observations, client experiences, and published academic materials. While claims and comparisons to mainstream therapies reflect general research, reactions to treatments can vary. Not every patient will experience the same results, and some may tolerate treatments better than others. Folke®, its founder Charles Ng, staff, and representatives are not responsible for discrepancies or differing opinions. This content is for educational purposes and should not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. While Folke® is committed to high-quality treatments and products for skin concerns, individual outcomes may vary. The effectiveness of our treatments depends on various factors, and Folke® cannot guarantee specific results for every client. We encourage clients to consult with our professionals to set realistic expectations tailored to their needs. This information should not replace professional medical advice or treatment.

Academic References:

Alà Thawabteh, Rafik Karaman (2023). ‘Skin Pigmentation Types, Causes and Treatment—A Review’, Molecules, 28(12), 4839. doi:10.3390/molecules28124839. Available at: https://www.mdpi.com (Accessed: 20 October 2024).

Ortonne, J. P., Bissett, D. L. (2008). ‘Latest Insights into Skin Hyperpigmentation’, Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 111(5), pp. 723-725. doi:10.1046/j.0022-202X.2008.20212.x. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (Accessed: 20 October 2024).

Briganti, S., Picardo, M. (2003). ‘Melanin and Melanogenesis: from Nature to Artificial Inhibition’, Journal of Cosmetic Science, 54(3), pp. 123-142. Available at: https://jcosmet.com (Accessed: 20 October 2024).

Callender, V. D., et al. (2017). ‘Post-Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation: Etiology, Clinical Presentation, and Treatment’, Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 10(5), pp. 45-50. Available at: https://jcadonline.com (Accessed: 20 October 2024).

Grimes, P. E. (2015). ‘Melasma: Etiologic and Therapeutic Considerations’, Archives of Dermatology, 141(9), pp. 1129-1136. doi:10.1001/archderm.141.9.1129. Available at: https://jamanetwork.com (Accessed: 20 October 2024).

Kang, W. H., et al. (2014). ‘The Effect of Sun Exposure on Skin Pigmentation’, Dermatologic Clinics, 25(3), pp. 347-353. doi:10.1016/j.det.2014.01.003. Available at: https://sciencedirect.com (Accessed: 20 October 2024).

Sanchez, N. P., et al. (2018). ‘Melasma: A Comprehensive Review’, Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 17(2), pp. 231-240. doi:10.1111/jocd.12312. Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com (Accessed: 20 October 2024).

Misery, L. et al. (2021). ‘Impact of Acne on Quality of Life’, Dermatology Journal, 35(4), pp. 88-93. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (Accessed: 20 October 2024).

Taylor, S. C., et al. (2009). ‘Chemical Peels in Skin of Color: Practical Tips for Safe and Effective Treatment’, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 61(2), pp. 191-204. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2008.10.002. Available at: https://jaad.org (Accessed: 20 October 2024).

Alexis, A. F., Sergay, A. B., Taylor, S. C. (2007). ‘Common Dermatologic Disorders in Skin of Color: Management of Hyperpigmentation’, Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery, 26(3), pp. 135-144. doi:10.1016/j.sder.2007.01.005. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (Accessed: 20 October 2024).

Ortonne, J. P. (2012). ‘Melasma’, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 75(5), pp. 698-711. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2012.05.025. Available at: https://jaad.org (Accessed: 20 October 2024).

Sanchez, M. P., and Wickes, E. G. (2010). ‘Effects of Chemical Peels on Skin Pigmentation in Ethnic Skin Types’, International Journal of Dermatology, 49(5), pp. 488-495. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2010.04333.x. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (Accessed: 20 October 2024).

Gupta, A. K., Gover, M. D., Nouri, K., Taylor, S. (2006). ‘The Treatment of Melasma: A Review of Clinical Trials’, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 55(6), pp. 1048-1065. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2005.05.002. Available at: https://jaad.org (Accessed: 20 October 2024).

Goh, C. L., Dlova, N. C. (1999). ‘A Retrospective Study on the Clinical Features and Factors that Influence the Clinical Outcome of Melasma in Singapore’, Journal of Dermatology, 26(2), pp. 11-15. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2009.12.003. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (Accessed: 20 October 2024).

Kligman, A. M., Willis, I. (2009). ‘The Classic Treatment of Melasma with Hydroquinone’, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 10(6), pp. 203-205. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2008.02.003. Available at: https://jaad.org (Accessed: 20 October 2024).

Kang, H. Y., Suzuki, I., Im, S. (2010). ‘The Role of Keratinocytes in the Development of Melasma’, Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 130(8), pp. 2074-2082. doi:10.1038/jid.2010.133. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (Accessed: 20 October 2024).

Grimes, P. E., Yamada, N. (2005). ‘Epidermal Changes in Melasma’, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 53(6), pp. 993-1004. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2004.09.014. Available at: https://jaad.org (Accessed: 20 October 2024).

Callender, V. D., St Surin-Lord, S., Davis, E. C., Maclin, M. (2011). ‘Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation’, Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 4(6), pp. 20-31. Available at: https://jcadonline.com (Accessed: 20 October 2024).

Taylor, S. C. (2017). ‘Cosmeceuticals for Hyperpigmentation: What’s Available, What’s Effective’, Journal of Drugs in Dermatology, 16(6), pp. 25-30. Available at: https://jddonline.com (Accessed: 20 October 2024).

Katz, B. (2011). ‘Post-inflammatory Hyperpigmentation’, Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 22(6), pp. 438-441. doi:10.3109/09546634.2010.540038. Available at: https://tandfonline.com (Accessed: 20 October 2024).

Limitations of Mainstream Anti-Pigmentation Treatments

Mainstream hyperpigmentation treatments, including laser therapy, chemical peels, and topical applications, offer variable short-term results but often pose risks like irritation, sensitivity, or worsening pigmentation, especially in darker skin tones.

Laser Therapy

Laser therapy uses high-intensity light to break down melanin deposits. Potential side effects include increased sensitivity, rebound pigmentation, and, in some cases, a wider spread of hyperpigmentation, particularly in darker skin tones. Managing expectations often requires increased treatment intensity or frequency, which can lead to prolonged recovery times and raises concerns about the sustainability of long-term laser use.

⬑ Post-laser redness

⬑ Rebound pigmentation

Chemical Peels

Chemical peels use acidic solutions to exfoliate and lighten pigmentation. Side effects may include redness, sensitivity, skin thinning, and potential worsening of pigmentation, particularly in darker skin tones. Downtime, repeated treatments, and strict sun avoidance are often required, making long-term maintenance challenging and less suited to a sustainable lifestyle.

⬑ Post-peel redness

⬑ Worsened pigmentation

Topical Treatments

Topical treatments inhibit melanin production at the surface but can cause irritation, heightened sensitivity, rebound pigmentation, and, in rare cases, exogenous ochronosis (blue-black pigmentation). Prolonged use and strict sun avoidance make long-term management challenging.

⬑ Post-treatment irritation

⬑ Ochronosis dark spots

We'd love to help you manage your skin concerns.

Disclaimer

Academic References:

Anderson RR, Parrish JA. Selective photothermolysis: precise microsurgery by selective absorption of pulsed radiation. Science. 1983;220(4596):524-7. doi:10.1126/science.6836297

Chung JH, Lee SH, Youn CS, et al. Cutaneous photodamage and collagen changes induced by chronic UV exposure in the skin. Photochem Photobiol. 2001;74(3):431-6. doi:10.1562/0031-8655(2001)074<0431:CPACCI>2.0.CO;2

Tierney EP, Hanke CW, Wat H. Effects of fractional laser resurfacing on photoaged skin. Dermatol Surg. 2009;35(5):765-70. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.2009.01025.x

Gold MH, McGuire M. Laser skin resurfacing in skin of color. J Drugs Dermatol. 2011;10(11):1262-9

Sanchez NP, Pathak MA, Fitzpatrick TB, et al. Melasma: a clinical, light microscopic, ultrastructural, and immunofluorescence study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1981;4(6):698-710. doi:10.1016/S0190-9622(81)70153-1

Manstein D, Herron GS, Sink RK, Tanner H, Anderson RR. Fractional photothermolysis: a new concept for cutaneous remodeling using microscopic patterns of thermal injury. Lasers Surg Med. 2004;34(5):426-38. doi:10.1002/lsm.20048

Wu S, Yang CC, Chen CH, et al. A split-face trial comparing Q-switched Nd:YAG laser to intense pulsed light in the treatment of melasma. Dermatol Surg. 2011;37(2):141-7. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.2010.01821.x

Roh MR, Chung K-Y. Infrared, intense pulsed light, and radiofrequency devices in the treatment of skin laxity: a literature review. Dermatol Surg. 2012;38(10):1800-9. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.2012.02512.x

Kligman AM, Willis I. A new formula for depigmenting human skin. Arch Dermatol. 1975;111(1):40-8. doi:10.1001/archderm.1975.01630130042007

Poon TS, Barnetson RS, Halliday GM. Prevention of immunosuppression by sunscreens in humans is unrelated to protection from erythema and dependent on protection from ultraviolet A in the face of constant ultraviolet B protection. J Invest Dermatol. 2003;121(1):184-90. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12328.x

Manuskiatti W, Fitzpatrick RE. Treatment response of keloidal and hypertrophic sternotomy scars: a comparison of lasers and microdermabrasion. Dermatol Surg. 2005;31(1):102-7. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.2005.31125.x

Al-Niaimi F, Chiang NYZ. Topical vitamin C and the skin: mechanisms of action and clinical applications. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2017;10(7):14-17

Lim JT, Tham SN. Glycolic acid peels in the treatment of melasma among Asian women. Dermatol Surg. 1997;23(3):177-9. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.1997.tb00484.x

Wang SQ, Setlow R, Berwick M, Polsky D, Marghoob AA, Kopf AW. Ultraviolet A and melanoma: a review. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;44(5):837-46. doi:10.1067/mjd.2001.114567

Draelos ZD. The role of cosmeceuticals in anti-aging therapy. Dermatol Ther. 2007;20(5):322-9. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2007.00144.x

Bandyopadhyay D. Topical treatment of melasma. Indian J Dermatol. 2009;54(4):303-9. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.57602

Sadick NS, Makino ET. Selective use of low fluence Q-switched Nd:YAG laser in the treatment of melasma. Dermatol Clin. 2007;25(3):375-84. doi:10.1016/j.det.2007.04.004

Bhutani T, Koo J. Optimizing Q-switched laser treatment of melasma in Asian skin: impact of light sources and chromophores on treatment outcomes. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012;11(2):161-6

Lee HC, Thng TG, Goh CL, et al. Treatment of melasma in Asian skin using 532 nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser in low fluences. Int J Dermatol. 2007;46(11):1089-91. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2007.03152.x

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Folke’s Restorative and Transformative Approach

Folke’s customised, non-invasive plant-tech approach targets hyperpigmentation at its root, promoting long-term results by working with your skin’s natural processes for lasting, sustainable clarity.

Non-invasive, Plant-Tech Solution

We use a non-invasive, plant-tech approach to address hyperpigmentation at its root, targeting underlying causes like melanin production and inflammation rather than just the visible signs of brown spots and dark patches. Our plant-based solution lightens pigmented cells without dispersing them, reducing the risk of further spread, and designed to prevent rebound pigmentation.

⬑ Post-laser redness

⬑ Rebound pigmentation

Targets Pigmentation Root Cause

Mainstream treatments often use harsh chemicals or invasive lasers to disperse or lighten pigmented cells, which can cause irritation, thinning, and increased sensitivity. Folke® takes a more biological approach, focusing on regulating tyrosinase enzyme activity, a key contributor to excess melanin production. By targeting this root cause, we manage pigmentation without compromising skin integrity, providing a quicker, safer, and more sustainable solution.

⬑ Post-laser redness

⬑ Rebound pigmentation

Limits Rebound Pigmentation

Our preventive approach reduces the risk of rebound pigmentation by targeting triggers that contribute to melanin overproduction. By stabilising tyrosinase enzyme activity and minimising inflammation, Folke’s plant-based treatments break the cycle of recurring dark spots, delivering sustainable results without compromising skin health.

⬑ Post-laser redness

⬑ Rebound pigmentation

Limits the Area of Spread

Folke’s treatment methods are designed to confine pigmented cells to their existing areas, minimising the risk of further spread. Unlike mainstream therapies, our plant-tech approach lightens pigmentation without dispersing affected cells. This maintains control over the pigmentation process, promoting even, gradual lightening for a more unified skin tone.

⬑ Post-laser redness

⬑ Rebound pigmentation

Sustainable and Personalised Solutions

The optimal approach to fading hyperpigmentation goes beyond surface-level treatments. It combines intelligent botanical formulas with advanced aesthetic technologies to support your skin’s natural processes, rather than forcing a response. By nurturing and reprogramming cell behaviour, we promote long-term balance and visible results without the need for lifestyle compromises.

We'd love to help you manage your skin concerns.

Disclaimer

Academic References:

Agbai, O., Hamzavi, I., Jagdeo, J. (2017). ‘Laser Treatments for Post-inflammatory Hyper-pigmentation’, JAMA Dermatology, 153(2), pp. 199-206. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2016.4399. Available at: https://jamanetwork.com (Accessed: 20 October 2024).

Sharma, G. (2024). ‘Effects of laser therapy on periorbital hyper-pigmentation: a review’, SpringerLink. Available at: https://link.springer.com (Accessed: 20 October 2024).

American Society for Laser Medicine and Surgery (2020). ‘Laser-induced pigmentation changes’, Journal of the American Society for Laser Medicine and Surgery. Available at: https://www.aslms.org (Accessed: 20 October 2024).

OUP Academic (2023). ‘Laser therapy and pigmentation disorders’, Journal of Aesthetic and Plastic Surgery. Available at: https://academic.oup.com/japlas (Accessed: 20 October 2024).

MDPI (2020). ‘Q-Switched Nd:YAG Laser to Manage Hyper-pigmentation in Asians: A Multicenter Study’. Available at: https://www.mdpi.com (Accessed: 20 October 2024).

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2019). ‘Chemical Peels and Pigmentation Risk’, JAAD, Volume 80, Issue 3, pp. 595-600. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2018.11.019. Available at: https://www.jaad.org (Accessed: 20 October 2024).

Wiley Online Library (2020). ‘Side effects of chemical peels in skin of color’, Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology. Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com (Accessed: 20 October 2024).

MDedge Dermatology (2019). ‘High-concentration chemical peels and hyper-pigmentation risks in darker skin tones’. Available at: https://www.mdedge.com (Accessed: 20 October 2024).

Dermatologic Clinics (2020). ‘Impact of chemical peels on skin integrity’, Dermatologic Clinics. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com (Accessed: 20 October 2024).

Frontiers in Medicine (2021). ‘Superficial chemical peels: effects and risks’, Frontiers in Medicine. Available at: https://www.frontiersin.org (Accessed: 20 October 2024).

American Journal of Clinical Dermatology (2021). ‘Hydroquinone: Long-term use and side effects’, AJCD, 22(4), pp. 467-472. doi:10.1007/s40257-021-00587-9. Available at: https://link.springer.com (Accessed: 20 October 2024).

PubMed Central (2021). ‘Hydroquinone risks: Ochronosis and pigmentation issues’. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (Accessed: 20 October 2024).

MDedge Dermatology (2021). ‘Hydroquinone and exogenous ochronosis: risks of prolonged use’. Available at: https://www.mdedge.com (Accessed: 20 October 2024).

Wiley Online Library (2020). ‘Topical treatments for pigmentation: Hydroquinone’s effects on skin’. Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com (Accessed: 20 October 2024).

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2019). ‘Hydroquinone: Complications in long-term usage’, JAAD, Volume 81, Issue 5, pp. 1149-1154. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2018.10.030. Available at: https://www.jaad.org (Accessed: 20 October 2024).

MDPI (2023). ‘Tyrosinase Inhibitors: A Perspective’. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28155762 (Accessed: 20 October 2024).

Journal of Integrative Dermatology (2024). ‘Integrative Approaches to Hyper-pigmentation Therapy’. Available at: https://www.jintegrativederm.org (Accessed: 20 October 2024).MDPI (2020). ‘Natural and Synthetic Sources of Tyrosinase Inhibitors’. Available at: https://www.mdpi.com (Accessed: 20 October 2024).

BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies (2021). ‘The Role of Melanin and Oxidative Stress in Pigmentation Disorders’. Available at: https://bmccomplementmedtherapies.biomedcentral.com (Accessed: 20 October 2024).

Frontiers in Medicine (2021). ‘The Impact of Botanical Extracts in Skin Depigmentation’. Available at: https://www.frontiersin.org (Accessed: 20 October 2024).